Initial Investigation
Problem (problem) is inequalities gap between the goal system and the actual system conditions, with the understanding why other systems failed to achieve the goals that the system has been determined previously. To know the things that have been what caused the failure of the system, and then an analyst should do more investigation before take action to improve the system. With the investigation, an analyst will better understand the problem and the flow system further, detect even in the already known problem but the problem still describes the size of the course.
Many reports in the detection problem may not actually be real or cannot be solved. This may be because:
a. Goals that are too difficult or the ideal so that might not be reached.
b. The system cannot be developed because of lack of resources, attitudes or both.
c. Measurement system that is not accurate.
d. Statement of purpose of the system that is behind (statement of goals is dated).
e. The gap between the ideal system and the system at this time is while (the gap between the ideal and the current system is temporary and will decrease given patience).
In solving the problem, should provide an explanation of:
a. explain condition of the system that runs through the investigation in detail.
b. Getting a consensus that the ideal system.
c. Develop alternatives to reduce some of the differences (gaps) between the ideal system with which the system is running.
d. Selecting the best alternative and sell it to management.
Task start point b to d will take a very long time, including cost is required. The objective of the investigation is to stabilize or indicate a problem that actually occurs in addition as a way
an analyst to understand the system in depth.
Constraints in the system of investigation
in doing some investigation, there are obstacles or constraints that will occur, among other issues:
a. Time (time)
Analysts lack of resources (resource) time, so only do part of the investigation. Usually time-related problems cost is required.
b. Cost (cost)
often the costs incurred related to the length of time for investigation activities, so that management will give the limits of cost.
c. Science (knowledge)
Manager information systems tend Junior told analysts that have not been have the technical expertise or knowledge is sufficient, so that will be impact on the results of investigations that are less deep, mature or complete.
d. Politics (politics)
Management or the parties may distribute certain issues which purpose is to restrict the investigation activities.
e. Interference (interference)
there are parties who try to intervene or investigation in activities that will disrupt or cause
chaos.
Recommendations
Results of the investigation is a recommendation, which is one of them as follows:
a. Does not take any action because it found no problems.
This can happen as they may in the preliminary report, problem is contrived so that the investigation conducted at the time of issue the problem does not happen or was not found.
b. Perform system maintenance for problems that small.
Maintenance of the system that made every day (short period) will be help minimize the problems that arise so quickly to and are always treated well.
c. Or improve skills in the run or the user
using information systems.
d. Consider modifications to the system in total, so the need to
thought to replace it with a new system.
e. Place going into the development plan system which is done immediately.
Strategy of Investigation
the strategy is needed for investigation to discovering the problem and to knowing caused the problem.
There are strategies of investigation it can be done, the several as follows:
a. Listen, do not lecture).
If you know all the answers, you definitely will not conduct investigations.
So that in the investigation should provide enough time management or for the user to explain in full and systems analyst and clearly do not dominate the discussion.
b. Do not provide solutions to the initial problem
This means do not try to show ideas to solve the problem, before the investigation is complete all the activities carried out, so avoid solutions that part-part.
c. Compare stories
Different people mean different views of the same problem, so the need to involve the supervisor and subordinate in the view of the problem clearly and can be trusted. Should not 1 from a source so that there is only 1 view (opinion).When the user has a difference of views, should find the difference and then seek the views that have similarities.
d. Note the reluctance responses (look for reluctant responses).
Reluctance to give responses that indicate something is hidden.
Too many problems be able the system causes confusion, so not able to explain in full.
e. Probe for logical inconsistencies).
Inconsistency is the logical termination of the data flow where data missing, or suddenly appear certain data. Some of the things that dealing with this issue:
There are data entered but no output (black hole).
There is the output (output), but no data entered (miracles).
f. Notice the impact you (observe your effect).
Given the differences of when you attend and when you do not present. Assessment is called directly with the internal probe. While external probe is that the assessment be done without anyone (searching external materials), such as by analyzing the report, history the problem tools, and sources of other secondary investigation.
g. Require hard work, giving rise to boredom (expect hard, boring work).
Be a detective professionals and patient in dealing with problems step by step and system is sustainable.
h. Avoid politics
Mission analyst system is not the judge the facts (your mission is the fact, not judgment).
Technical investigations
Investigation techniques included:
a. directly (direct (internal) probes)
namely to find out directly what is happening in the environment users. They allow you to pay attention directly without through certain parties (interpreter). Internal probes are source of chaos (disruptive), the differences arise because of attitude. Internal probes used as a richer and the justifier of facts that occurred (truer group of facts). There are three techniques for conduct the investigation directly, with:
* Questionnaire (questionnaires).
This technique is very appropriate, if in the investigation have constraints time and cost although to get it through the form of responded field. The things in the condition of the questionnaire will be the explanation different if carried out directly in the face (face to face interview). This is the best of the questionnaire as a document that can show differences that occurred in the respondents.
* Frequently asked questions (interview).
These activities require time and special expertise. Not all people able to interview successfully. Interview can be used for a sequence of questions in depth in addition to more flexible accordance with the condition of the field. Obstacles faced and the time is special expertise.
* Observation (observation).
It is a strong internal probe (a powerful internal probe).
Sit together with the system by making observations with the question is more specific.
Why you do this activity?
or where this document will be moved?. Each question may will be able to demonstrate problem-solving mysterious.
b. Indirect (indirect (external) probes)
Activities that can be done quickly and not visible from operational personnel, so that they can know the outside or something hidden from the user community. This activity will dominate
activities at the beginning of the SDLC, the internal probe to deepen.
* Flow of the procedure (procedure flow).
An operational procedure is the means (vehicles) for new employees
understand their work and experience to handle employee problems.
If the procedure does not flow properly, the system information cannot be
also operated correctly. Use the system flowchart for
the path information as an explanation Operating procedure.
If there is any problem procedure, the problem may be
arise in the actual operations.
* Reviewing documents (document review).
Is to find and collect the documents necessary
(critical document). If problems occur in many customer orders,
collected from the original source document customer orders that
used as its data-entry, interactive screen format, detail
transactions, and summary reports that the error occurred.
Documents often caused problems.
* Sampling (sampling).
Maybe you need information from the vendor that has been billing
provide discounts at the time of payment, because the company lost
money when the discount is not given when the delay of payment.
Example:
You can involve the customer to get the payer
information (although there are many transactions). Finally you can make
list of sample data with the random selection for one last Sunday,
select the 20 pages of daily transactions, select 5 items from each
page are selected., record the information for each item and 5
calculate the average-Ra and variants to the sample-sample of all transactions
payment occurs.
* Tabular (Tabular tools)
Also called the matrix, the check list (checklists) to find
System description at this time
Determine the performance of the system at this time will have difficulty when
company does not have a standard performance measurement system.
Unfortunately, companies tend not to update (to update)
documentation systems that are running. Therefore, analysts improve document
system for investigating the problem.
Description of the system include a clear explanation at this time:
a. Inputs (inputs)
b. Outputs (outputs)
c. Files (files)
d. Data elements (data elements)
e. Volume of transactions and documents action (transaction and document action
volume)
f. Data flow diagrams (data flow diagrams)
Requirement Analysis
Requirement analysis phase is the intensive interaction between the analyst
system with the user community the system (end-user), where the development team
system shows the expertise to get the responses and confidence
the user, so get a good participation.
Is working hard to get agreement (skeptical) users about their needs from an information system, as they may the failure of the previous information system.
In doing this step will be achieved 4 goals, namely:
a. Describe the system at this time in full.
b. Describes the ideal information system.
c. Bringing information system to the ideal conditions at this time with
attention to resource constraints.
d. Provide encouragement to the confidence of this team into the development system.
The desire of users is:
Requirement in the first stage of the system is doing a survey of
the desire and the information system that is ideal.
Here is an ideal concept than a reality, meaning that no
the ideal system (no system is perfect information) but are
subjective. If this is not explained in depth can
rise to differences of views will be disappointing or end-user.
Method needs analysis
Keep the selection method of collecting data for the right to
system requirement. Methods are interviews, questionnaires,
observation, analysis procedure, and document the survey.
Each method will be described in depth as follows:
Frequently asked questions (Interviews)
1. How do the methods used.
Elections potential interviewees. Make arrangements to potential interviewees.
Setting up the structure of the complete and clear.
Choosing a person who will be interview in private and recorded.
2. Target of the method.
Private key in the process of DFD.
Sometimes involving outsiders, such as customers or vendors.
3. Benefits of the method.
Interviewer can measure the response through the questions and to adjust them
according to the situation that occurred.
Good for the problems that are not structured, such as why you
think this could happen?.
Shows the effect of interviewer time.
Show a high response since the preparation meeting.
4. Loss method.
Takes time and costs that are not small.
Requires special training and experience of the interviewer.
Difficult to compare the interview because natural subjectivity.
5. When both methods are used.
Obtaining the views or explanation of key personnel.
Test the credibility of the interviewees.
Search for the interview contradictions.
Stabilizing credibility team.
Some important factors in both the interview, namely objectives,
audience, format, weighting and combining responses, and documentation.
Questionnaire
1. How do the methods used.
Design using a standard questionnaire.
The questionnaire sent to a work environment end-user.
Summarized the structure of the response distribution in statistics.
2. Target of the method.
All end-users with him /his knowledge will be involved in the process of solution splitting system.
End-user associated with the use of symbols in a DFD.
3. Benefits of the method.
Cheaper and faster than the interviews.
Does not require a trained investigator (only one expert who needed to design a questionnaire for end-user is selected.
Easy to synthesis since the creation of the questionnaire.
Can easily minimize the cost for all end-users.
4. Loss method.
Cannot make a specific question for the end-user.
Analysts involved so that an impression can not reveal personal end-user.
Response to a low not because there is a strong encouragement for return the questionnaire.
Cannot adjust the question to end-user specific.
5. When both methods are used.
Simple question, and have no meaning fork.
Requires a broad perspective of the end-user.
When you have less time and cost.
Observation (Observation)
1. How do the methods used.
Personally visit the location of one analyst observed.
Analysts recording events in the location of the observation, including the volume and
processing, spreadsheets.
2. Target of the method.
The geographical location of the process shown in the DFD (Data Flow Diagram)
3. Benefits of the method.
Obtain records of the facts (opinion).
Does not require construction of a question.
Does not disrupt or hide something (end-users do not know
that they are observed).
Analyst does not rely on verbal descriptions of end-users.
4. Loss method.
If seen, analysts may change operation (end-user was observed).
In the long term, the fact that in one observation may be
not appropriate (representative) in daily or weekly.
Requires experience and special kehlian analyst.
5. When both methods are used.
Require quantitative descriptions, such as time, volume and so forth.
Suspicion that the end-user to the actual occurrence of a
does not occur (contrived).
Tip in the practical observations:
a. Do not be observed in a long time.
There are two reasons, namely: with a long time will disturb the operation which is being observed, and will deflect the real problems.
b. Create a brief note.
Before observation, please let the supervisor and the involved
about what will be done and why, so that will be
reduce interference.
d. Use a short checklist of the required information together.
e. Do not make observations without a plan ..
Analysis procedure (Procedure Analysis)
1. How do the methods used.
With operating procedures can identify and learn
document the flow of key information through the system, with data flow
diagram (DFD).
Each flow of the document describes the key system operating procedures.
Through observation, learn the reality of the analyst describe your
volume of distribution (high, low, moderate), and what next
done to a copy of the original document.
2. Target of the method.
Documents in the main DFD (Data Flow Diagram) Process in the DFD.
3. Benefits of the method.
Evaluation procedure can be done with the intervention (interferences)
is minimal and does not affect the operation.
The flow of the procedure can become a checklist for the structure
make observations.
4. Loss method.
Procedures may not be complete and not up to date again.
Learning the flow chart document requires time and expertise analyst.
5. When both methods are used.
Decide whether the failure of the system can help design good.
Analyst team is not completely familiar with the document flow.
Describe your document that disrupt the flow of work function.
Observations document (Document Survey)
1. How do the methods used.
Identifying key documents and reports (physical data flow diagram).
Collect copies of actual documents and reports.
Each document or report, is used to record data, including
field (the size and type), frequency of use and structure code (coding structure).
2. Target of the method.
The flow of key data shown in the data flow diagram (DFD).
3. Benefits of the method.
Minimize interruption of operations functions.
The beginning of the data element dictionary.
Often, major modifications may consider procedural.
4. Loss method.
Need enough time (there is a business organization in the
swamped with documents and reports).
5. When both methods are used.
Be done if a system will be designed (for activities
analysis, clarity in the new system design and analysis
documents can help to determine the next task of the design).
Sampling can help reduce the time and cost. Need for accuracy
select a sample of the population, so the statistics that require expertise
not experience a failure or threat.
Resource constraints
a. Time
substitution a system must be expressed in the framework since
decreasing function of the system quickly. Time constraints can be
influence the analyst to consider the technology innovation that is not
may be operated in a short time. Therefore, the need to
need enough time to have a leeway of time so that
can create an alternative to the most good.
b. Money
The ideal information system would require the expensive cost, so that
requires adequate funding. This will occur due to
competition with our competitors where they embed investment
in a large information system.
c. Expertise.
Staff information system may not have knowledge or experience
a significant problem, such as telecommunications, database integration, and
interactive setting. Companies can contract consultant to
increase design capabilities. This will be the opposed
constraint costs incurred for energy consultants.
d. Technology.
Technology needs may become the main problem in supporting
working system, so the need to pay attention to the development of technology continues
again, the consequences of going in cost and
not until the technology used behind the competitors.
e. Ekternal factors.
Many obstacles that come from outside of the design settings, such as prevention
use exotic technologies (of exotic technologies), to prevent
keep local data in a central database system, and so forth.
Needs analysis document
1. Referral (conduct) analysis.
Relationships with end users.
Analyze the records, forms and reports.
Observation process.
Analyzing the methods used.
Problems in data collection.
2. Needs of the user.
What are the actual needs.
Reporting needs (type and frequency).
Training needs.
The influence of the new system.
3. Constraint system.
Explain the constraints of time, cost, expertise, technology and factor
external.
Realistic system.
4. Documentation.
Instrument data collection (needs questionnaire, interview).
Consensus statistics.
The logical flow of data and physics.
Initial element in the data dictionary.
Generating SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVES
How do I approach the condition of the system at this time with the condition of the ideal system?
Creating an alternative to solve the problem of information system
Best alternative is applied wisely
Options Strategies
Distributed versus centralized processing
Changes in decision-making information from the centralized data processing to the end user Decentralized responsibility center
Integrated versus dispersed database
System designer must consider the data are entered in the data base and the entrance to the File
Surround System Development Strategy of
About important environmental strategy in the case of company takeovers because the information system of other companies may vary with the company at this time.
Generating SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVES
Options strategy
Selection is done before the design operational
Designing Operational Options
Design options can be grouped into
Input
Online Vs Off Line Data Entry
Keyed Vs Machine Readable Data Entry
Centralized Vs Decentralized Data Entry
Processing
Batch Vs Real time record update
Sequential Vs Direct Access to records
Single Vs Multiple Users update of records
Output
Traditional Vs Turn Around Documents
Structured Inquiry Vs based reports
SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM
Compare tactics: systems based on the comparison of costs and benefits relative; There are 3 ways said system A system is superior to the other if:
A cost is lower than B, and the benefits of both
A cost is lower than B and A yield advantage of more than B
A and B have the same but the cost advantage generated a lot more.
Some methods corporation System
Break Even point Analysis
Payback Period
Discounted payback period
Internal Rate of Return
SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM
Cost categories
Hardware
Software
People
Suppliers
Telecommunications
Physical sites
Cost details
Comparing the cost of information systems through the life of the system, analysts projection how cost changes for the future and there are 3 models cost information system, namely Linear, and exponentially Step Function
SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM
Cost information system can occur only once and can also occur on an ongoing basis.
Information system costs that occur once only cost that is on time and development costs that occur during the development of the system.
Cost information systems that occur on a continual basis are recurring cost and operational cost where the cost of this is the case when the operating system information every day.
FACTORS INTO INFORMATION SYSTEM
Qualitative factors that lead the performance information system that both of them
Reduce errors
Reducing the time to fix errors
Reduce the response time from the workstation alternative
Accelerate the provision of the information
Improve security systems
Propagate update records on the source
Increasing user satisfaction
FACTORS INTO CORPORATE STRATEGY
Customer satisfaction
Sales increased
Consumer and the vendor's commitment
Information marketing products
Presenting learning SYSTEM
Make short presentations
Reduce the explanation of technical detail
presentation clearly with visual aids
If using a model using a tool such as a laptop so that more informative
Emphasize the benefits of the proposed system with some information that there are alternative suitable conditions experienced by the company.
Continuing KEPUTUSAN OR NOT
if the company decided to develop the information system, the department will do the next process, namely Design System.
If then the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) will be terminated.
Will be often found problems with the system and the study and top management will usually ask for the fulfillment of the re-study system.
Model will describe some of the stages of the repeated and sometimes the information will make a decision before the repeat stage system of study.
With the alternative, the decision to repeat a previous phase or SDLC is not Go - No-Go Decision.
References
1. Martin, Merle P., Analysis and Design of Business Information Sytems,
Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1991.
Problem (problem) is inequalities gap between the goal system and the actual system conditions, with the understanding why other systems failed to achieve the goals that the system has been determined previously. To know the things that have been what caused the failure of the system, and then an analyst should do more investigation before take action to improve the system. With the investigation, an analyst will better understand the problem and the flow system further, detect even in the already known problem but the problem still describes the size of the course.
Many reports in the detection problem may not actually be real or cannot be solved. This may be because:
a. Goals that are too difficult or the ideal so that might not be reached.
b. The system cannot be developed because of lack of resources, attitudes or both.
c. Measurement system that is not accurate.
d. Statement of purpose of the system that is behind (statement of goals is dated).
e. The gap between the ideal system and the system at this time is while (the gap between the ideal and the current system is temporary and will decrease given patience).
In solving the problem, should provide an explanation of:
a. explain condition of the system that runs through the investigation in detail.
b. Getting a consensus that the ideal system.
c. Develop alternatives to reduce some of the differences (gaps) between the ideal system with which the system is running.
d. Selecting the best alternative and sell it to management.
Task start point b to d will take a very long time, including cost is required. The objective of the investigation is to stabilize or indicate a problem that actually occurs in addition as a way
an analyst to understand the system in depth.
Constraints in the system of investigation
in doing some investigation, there are obstacles or constraints that will occur, among other issues:
a. Time (time)
Analysts lack of resources (resource) time, so only do part of the investigation. Usually time-related problems cost is required.
b. Cost (cost)
often the costs incurred related to the length of time for investigation activities, so that management will give the limits of cost.
c. Science (knowledge)
Manager information systems tend Junior told analysts that have not been have the technical expertise or knowledge is sufficient, so that will be impact on the results of investigations that are less deep, mature or complete.
d. Politics (politics)
Management or the parties may distribute certain issues which purpose is to restrict the investigation activities.
e. Interference (interference)
there are parties who try to intervene or investigation in activities that will disrupt or cause
chaos.
Recommendations
Results of the investigation is a recommendation, which is one of them as follows:
a. Does not take any action because it found no problems.
This can happen as they may in the preliminary report, problem is contrived so that the investigation conducted at the time of issue the problem does not happen or was not found.
b. Perform system maintenance for problems that small.
Maintenance of the system that made every day (short period) will be help minimize the problems that arise so quickly to and are always treated well.
c. Or improve skills in the run or the user
using information systems.
d. Consider modifications to the system in total, so the need to
thought to replace it with a new system.
e. Place going into the development plan system which is done immediately.
Strategy of Investigation
the strategy is needed for investigation to discovering the problem and to knowing caused the problem.
There are strategies of investigation it can be done, the several as follows:
a. Listen, do not lecture).
If you know all the answers, you definitely will not conduct investigations.
So that in the investigation should provide enough time management or for the user to explain in full and systems analyst and clearly do not dominate the discussion.
b. Do not provide solutions to the initial problem
This means do not try to show ideas to solve the problem, before the investigation is complete all the activities carried out, so avoid solutions that part-part.
c. Compare stories
Different people mean different views of the same problem, so the need to involve the supervisor and subordinate in the view of the problem clearly and can be trusted. Should not 1 from a source so that there is only 1 view (opinion).When the user has a difference of views, should find the difference and then seek the views that have similarities.
d. Note the reluctance responses (look for reluctant responses).
Reluctance to give responses that indicate something is hidden.
Too many problems be able the system causes confusion, so not able to explain in full.
e. Probe for logical inconsistencies).
Inconsistency is the logical termination of the data flow where data missing, or suddenly appear certain data. Some of the things that dealing with this issue:
There are data entered but no output (black hole).
There is the output (output), but no data entered (miracles).
f. Notice the impact you (observe your effect).
Given the differences of when you attend and when you do not present. Assessment is called directly with the internal probe. While external probe is that the assessment be done without anyone (searching external materials), such as by analyzing the report, history the problem tools, and sources of other secondary investigation.
g. Require hard work, giving rise to boredom (expect hard, boring work).
Be a detective professionals and patient in dealing with problems step by step and system is sustainable.
h. Avoid politics
Mission analyst system is not the judge the facts (your mission is the fact, not judgment).
Technical investigations
Investigation techniques included:
a. directly (direct (internal) probes)
namely to find out directly what is happening in the environment users. They allow you to pay attention directly without through certain parties (interpreter). Internal probes are source of chaos (disruptive), the differences arise because of attitude. Internal probes used as a richer and the justifier of facts that occurred (truer group of facts). There are three techniques for conduct the investigation directly, with:
* Questionnaire (questionnaires).
This technique is very appropriate, if in the investigation have constraints time and cost although to get it through the form of responded field. The things in the condition of the questionnaire will be the explanation different if carried out directly in the face (face to face interview). This is the best of the questionnaire as a document that can show differences that occurred in the respondents.
* Frequently asked questions (interview).
These activities require time and special expertise. Not all people able to interview successfully. Interview can be used for a sequence of questions in depth in addition to more flexible accordance with the condition of the field. Obstacles faced and the time is special expertise.
* Observation (observation).
It is a strong internal probe (a powerful internal probe).
Sit together with the system by making observations with the question is more specific.
Why you do this activity?
or where this document will be moved?. Each question may will be able to demonstrate problem-solving mysterious.
b. Indirect (indirect (external) probes)
Activities that can be done quickly and not visible from operational personnel, so that they can know the outside or something hidden from the user community. This activity will dominate
activities at the beginning of the SDLC, the internal probe to deepen.
* Flow of the procedure (procedure flow).
An operational procedure is the means (vehicles) for new employees
understand their work and experience to handle employee problems.
If the procedure does not flow properly, the system information cannot be
also operated correctly. Use the system flowchart for
the path information as an explanation Operating procedure.
If there is any problem procedure, the problem may be
arise in the actual operations.
* Reviewing documents (document review).
Is to find and collect the documents necessary
(critical document). If problems occur in many customer orders,
collected from the original source document customer orders that
used as its data-entry, interactive screen format, detail
transactions, and summary reports that the error occurred.
Documents often caused problems.
* Sampling (sampling).
Maybe you need information from the vendor that has been billing
provide discounts at the time of payment, because the company lost
money when the discount is not given when the delay of payment.
Example:
You can involve the customer to get the payer
information (although there are many transactions). Finally you can make
list of sample data with the random selection for one last Sunday,
select the 20 pages of daily transactions, select 5 items from each
page are selected., record the information for each item and 5
calculate the average-Ra and variants to the sample-sample of all transactions
payment occurs.
* Tabular (Tabular tools)
Also called the matrix, the check list (checklists) to find
System description at this time
Determine the performance of the system at this time will have difficulty when
company does not have a standard performance measurement system.
Unfortunately, companies tend not to update (to update)
documentation systems that are running. Therefore, analysts improve document
system for investigating the problem.
Description of the system include a clear explanation at this time:
a. Inputs (inputs)
b. Outputs (outputs)
c. Files (files)
d. Data elements (data elements)
e. Volume of transactions and documents action (transaction and document action
volume)
f. Data flow diagrams (data flow diagrams)
Requirement Analysis
Requirement analysis phase is the intensive interaction between the analyst
system with the user community the system (end-user), where the development team
system shows the expertise to get the responses and confidence
the user, so get a good participation.
Is working hard to get agreement (skeptical) users about their needs from an information system, as they may the failure of the previous information system.
In doing this step will be achieved 4 goals, namely:
a. Describe the system at this time in full.
b. Describes the ideal information system.
c. Bringing information system to the ideal conditions at this time with
attention to resource constraints.
d. Provide encouragement to the confidence of this team into the development system.
The desire of users is:
Requirement in the first stage of the system is doing a survey of
the desire and the information system that is ideal.
Here is an ideal concept than a reality, meaning that no
the ideal system (no system is perfect information) but are
subjective. If this is not explained in depth can
rise to differences of views will be disappointing or end-user.
Method needs analysis
Keep the selection method of collecting data for the right to
system requirement. Methods are interviews, questionnaires,
observation, analysis procedure, and document the survey.
Each method will be described in depth as follows:
Frequently asked questions (Interviews)
1. How do the methods used.
Elections potential interviewees. Make arrangements to potential interviewees.
Setting up the structure of the complete and clear.
Choosing a person who will be interview in private and recorded.
2. Target of the method.
Private key in the process of DFD.
Sometimes involving outsiders, such as customers or vendors.
3. Benefits of the method.
Interviewer can measure the response through the questions and to adjust them
according to the situation that occurred.
Good for the problems that are not structured, such as why you
think this could happen?.
Shows the effect of interviewer time.
Show a high response since the preparation meeting.
4. Loss method.
Takes time and costs that are not small.
Requires special training and experience of the interviewer.
Difficult to compare the interview because natural subjectivity.
5. When both methods are used.
Obtaining the views or explanation of key personnel.
Test the credibility of the interviewees.
Search for the interview contradictions.
Stabilizing credibility team.
Some important factors in both the interview, namely objectives,
audience, format, weighting and combining responses, and documentation.
Questionnaire
1. How do the methods used.
Design using a standard questionnaire.
The questionnaire sent to a work environment end-user.
Summarized the structure of the response distribution in statistics.
2. Target of the method.
All end-users with him /his knowledge will be involved in the process of solution splitting system.
End-user associated with the use of symbols in a DFD.
3. Benefits of the method.
Cheaper and faster than the interviews.
Does not require a trained investigator (only one expert who needed to design a questionnaire for end-user is selected.
Easy to synthesis since the creation of the questionnaire.
Can easily minimize the cost for all end-users.
4. Loss method.
Cannot make a specific question for the end-user.
Analysts involved so that an impression can not reveal personal end-user.
Response to a low not because there is a strong encouragement for return the questionnaire.
Cannot adjust the question to end-user specific.
5. When both methods are used.
Simple question, and have no meaning fork.
Requires a broad perspective of the end-user.
When you have less time and cost.
Observation (Observation)
1. How do the methods used.
Personally visit the location of one analyst observed.
Analysts recording events in the location of the observation, including the volume and
processing, spreadsheets.
2. Target of the method.
The geographical location of the process shown in the DFD (Data Flow Diagram)
3. Benefits of the method.
Obtain records of the facts (opinion).
Does not require construction of a question.
Does not disrupt or hide something (end-users do not know
that they are observed).
Analyst does not rely on verbal descriptions of end-users.
4. Loss method.
If seen, analysts may change operation (end-user was observed).
In the long term, the fact that in one observation may be
not appropriate (representative) in daily or weekly.
Requires experience and special kehlian analyst.
5. When both methods are used.
Require quantitative descriptions, such as time, volume and so forth.
Suspicion that the end-user to the actual occurrence of a
does not occur (contrived).
Tip in the practical observations:
a. Do not be observed in a long time.
There are two reasons, namely: with a long time will disturb the operation which is being observed, and will deflect the real problems.
b. Create a brief note.
Before observation, please let the supervisor and the involved
about what will be done and why, so that will be
reduce interference.
d. Use a short checklist of the required information together.
e. Do not make observations without a plan ..
Analysis procedure (Procedure Analysis)
1. How do the methods used.
With operating procedures can identify and learn
document the flow of key information through the system, with data flow
diagram (DFD).
Each flow of the document describes the key system operating procedures.
Through observation, learn the reality of the analyst describe your
volume of distribution (high, low, moderate), and what next
done to a copy of the original document.
2. Target of the method.
Documents in the main DFD (Data Flow Diagram) Process in the DFD.
3. Benefits of the method.
Evaluation procedure can be done with the intervention (interferences)
is minimal and does not affect the operation.
The flow of the procedure can become a checklist for the structure
make observations.
4. Loss method.
Procedures may not be complete and not up to date again.
Learning the flow chart document requires time and expertise analyst.
5. When both methods are used.
Decide whether the failure of the system can help design good.
Analyst team is not completely familiar with the document flow.
Describe your document that disrupt the flow of work function.
Observations document (Document Survey)
1. How do the methods used.
Identifying key documents and reports (physical data flow diagram).
Collect copies of actual documents and reports.
Each document or report, is used to record data, including
field (the size and type), frequency of use and structure code (coding structure).
2. Target of the method.
The flow of key data shown in the data flow diagram (DFD).
3. Benefits of the method.
Minimize interruption of operations functions.
The beginning of the data element dictionary.
Often, major modifications may consider procedural.
4. Loss method.
Need enough time (there is a business organization in the
swamped with documents and reports).
5. When both methods are used.
Be done if a system will be designed (for activities
analysis, clarity in the new system design and analysis
documents can help to determine the next task of the design).
Sampling can help reduce the time and cost. Need for accuracy
select a sample of the population, so the statistics that require expertise
not experience a failure or threat.
Resource constraints
a. Time
substitution a system must be expressed in the framework since
decreasing function of the system quickly. Time constraints can be
influence the analyst to consider the technology innovation that is not
may be operated in a short time. Therefore, the need to
need enough time to have a leeway of time so that
can create an alternative to the most good.
b. Money
The ideal information system would require the expensive cost, so that
requires adequate funding. This will occur due to
competition with our competitors where they embed investment
in a large information system.
c. Expertise.
Staff information system may not have knowledge or experience
a significant problem, such as telecommunications, database integration, and
interactive setting. Companies can contract consultant to
increase design capabilities. This will be the opposed
constraint costs incurred for energy consultants.
d. Technology.
Technology needs may become the main problem in supporting
working system, so the need to pay attention to the development of technology continues
again, the consequences of going in cost and
not until the technology used behind the competitors.
e. Ekternal factors.
Many obstacles that come from outside of the design settings, such as prevention
use exotic technologies (of exotic technologies), to prevent
keep local data in a central database system, and so forth.
Needs analysis document
1. Referral (conduct) analysis.
Relationships with end users.
Analyze the records, forms and reports.
Observation process.
Analyzing the methods used.
Problems in data collection.
2. Needs of the user.
What are the actual needs.
Reporting needs (type and frequency).
Training needs.
The influence of the new system.
3. Constraint system.
Explain the constraints of time, cost, expertise, technology and factor
external.
Realistic system.
4. Documentation.
Instrument data collection (needs questionnaire, interview).
Consensus statistics.
The logical flow of data and physics.
Initial element in the data dictionary.
Generating SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVES
How do I approach the condition of the system at this time with the condition of the ideal system?
Creating an alternative to solve the problem of information system
Best alternative is applied wisely
Options Strategies
Distributed versus centralized processing
Changes in decision-making information from the centralized data processing to the end user Decentralized responsibility center
Integrated versus dispersed database
System designer must consider the data are entered in the data base and the entrance to the File
Surround System Development Strategy of
About important environmental strategy in the case of company takeovers because the information system of other companies may vary with the company at this time.
Generating SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVES
Options strategy
Selection is done before the design operational
Designing Operational Options
Design options can be grouped into
Input
Online Vs Off Line Data Entry
Keyed Vs Machine Readable Data Entry
Centralized Vs Decentralized Data Entry
Processing
Batch Vs Real time record update
Sequential Vs Direct Access to records
Single Vs Multiple Users update of records
Output
Traditional Vs Turn Around Documents
Structured Inquiry Vs based reports
SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM
Compare tactics: systems based on the comparison of costs and benefits relative; There are 3 ways said system A system is superior to the other if:
A cost is lower than B, and the benefits of both
A cost is lower than B and A yield advantage of more than B
A and B have the same but the cost advantage generated a lot more.
Some methods corporation System
Break Even point Analysis
Payback Period
Discounted payback period
Internal Rate of Return
SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM
Cost categories
Hardware
Software
People
Suppliers
Telecommunications
Physical sites
Cost details
Comparing the cost of information systems through the life of the system, analysts projection how cost changes for the future and there are 3 models cost information system, namely Linear, and exponentially Step Function
SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM
Cost information system can occur only once and can also occur on an ongoing basis.
Information system costs that occur once only cost that is on time and development costs that occur during the development of the system.
Cost information systems that occur on a continual basis are recurring cost and operational cost where the cost of this is the case when the operating system information every day.
FACTORS INTO INFORMATION SYSTEM
Qualitative factors that lead the performance information system that both of them
Reduce errors
Reducing the time to fix errors
Reduce the response time from the workstation alternative
Accelerate the provision of the information
Improve security systems
Propagate update records on the source
Increasing user satisfaction
FACTORS INTO CORPORATE STRATEGY
Customer satisfaction
Sales increased
Consumer and the vendor's commitment
Information marketing products
Presenting learning SYSTEM
Make short presentations
Reduce the explanation of technical detail
presentation clearly with visual aids
If using a model using a tool such as a laptop so that more informative
Emphasize the benefits of the proposed system with some information that there are alternative suitable conditions experienced by the company.
Continuing KEPUTUSAN OR NOT
if the company decided to develop the information system, the department will do the next process, namely Design System.
If then the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) will be terminated.
Will be often found problems with the system and the study and top management will usually ask for the fulfillment of the re-study system.
Model will describe some of the stages of the repeated and sometimes the information will make a decision before the repeat stage system of study.
With the alternative, the decision to repeat a previous phase or SDLC is not Go - No-Go Decision.
References
1. Martin, Merle P., Analysis and Design of Business Information Sytems,
Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1991.
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